ZWEIG: un humaniste européen

lecture

zweig_ErasmeVoilà un biographe qui vous raconte la vie. Tachycardie garantie. Une palpitation sonne l’écoulement du destin collectif, une autre scande la destinée individuelle précipitée. Stefan ZWEIG écrit l’Histoire des histoires. Il se penche sur les figures historiques avec la précision, la méticulosité d’un chirurgien et l’empathie d’une sage femme. Littéralement, il connait son sujet.

Son sujet, en 1936, deux ans après la parution d’Erasme, c’est l’humanisme combatif. Incarné quZweig_cs_contre_violence_atre siècles plus tôt par un savant audacieux, Castellion. Son combat ? Il le porte contre une figure encore plus détestable que celle de Luther, déjà dépeint comme un Réformateur fanatique dans sa précédente biographie : la figure de Calvin. A la différence d’Erasme, face au père intransigeant du protestantisme, Castellion se dresse d’emblée et sans pusillanimité contre le tyrannique théologien de Genève, rédige le bien nommé « manifeste de la tolérance » ce qui lui vaudra – de la part de Calvin et ses disciples –  les foudres puis les flammes

« Ceux qui savent ne sont pas ceux qui agissent et ceux qui agissent ne sont pas ceux qui savent » observe l’auteur, fasciné de ce que son héros, parce qu’informé, se sente investi. Au point de risquer sa vie. En revanche, il déplore qu’Erasme s’efface devant la violence éruptive de Martin Luther. Ses deux biographies esquissent, en filigrane, le déchirement intime de Zweig face au national socialisme rampant et préfigurent sa destinée : doué de prescience, décrypteur du sens de l’Histoire, receleur de son immense porosité devant les affaires de l’âme mais perclus de la souffrance du monde, il finira par s’anéantir.

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